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Species (scientific/common name):

Species with factsheet

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Habitat:

Criteria	Explanation
Marine habitats	All saltwater habitats, benthic and pelagic (e.g. Atlantic, North Sea, Barents Sea)
Estuaries and brackish areas	Where freshwater meets the sea, and where salinity varies between 35 ppm and <5 ppm (such as the Baltic Sea)
Lakes	Freshwater bodies (stagnant, lentic waters)
Watercourses	Running water (lotic waters)
Coastland	Along and influenced by the sea
Riparian zones	Along rivers
Wetlands	Bogs, mires and wet grasslands, lakeshores
Urban areas	Near human dvellings
Agricultural areas	Under cultivation
Disturbed areas	Under human influence, but not under cultivation
Boreal forest	Conifer forest (Neddleleaf)
Mixed conifer/broadleaf forest	Conifers (Neddleleaf) mixed with decidous trees
Temperate broadleaf forest	Decidous forests
Grass and heathlands	Dry grassland incl. steppe/prarie and heathland
Arctic/alpine	Arctic/alpine vegetation types (latitude and altitude aspects involved)
Continental ice	e.g. the glaciers on Greenland
Rocks and lavafields	Rocky areas without natural vegetation or with very sparse vegetation
Host	Organism were the IAS gets protection or nourishment
Vector	The bearer or carrier of pathogenic IAS
Not known
Greenhouses or compost heaps	Here the climate is regulated to natural situation (temperature and humidity)
Under human management	Inside houses and warehouses, inside furfarms, in closed aquacultural sites, in closed aquaria
Shrublands	Shrubs and dwarfed trees

Group:

Criteria	Explanation
Bryophytes	Mosses and allies, such as liverworts
Ferns	Pteridophyta (Ferns and allies)
Coniferous plants	Gymnosperms - Coniferophyta/Pinophyta
Angiosperms	The other flowering plants - Angiospermophyta, classes Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae (Dicots and monocots)
Macroalgae	Multicellular plants living in water (also called seaweeds)
Phytoplankton	Microscopic plants that live in water
Fungi	Macrofungi (incl. Lichens)
Cnidarians	Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfishes, corals, hydra, anemones)
Comb jellies	Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Sea urchins & starfish	Phylum Echinodermata (sea urchins & starfish, sea cucumbers)
Arthropods	Phylum Arthropoda (Spiders, Insects, Crabs, Crayfish etc.)
Nematodes	The Ecdysozoan worms: Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Cephaloryncha, Onychophora
Molluscs	Phylum Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Squid & Octopus)
Annelids	Lophotrochozoans: Annelida (Segmented Worms), Phoronida (horseshoe worms), Pogonophora (bearded tube worms), Sipuncula (peanut worms), Nemertini (ribbon worms), Echiura (Spoon worms),
Flatworms	Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Other invertebrates	Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp Shells), Phylum Porifera (Sponges), Phylum Bryozoa ("Moss animals"), Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)
Mammals	Not a big group in numbers, but one of the charismatic groups of vertebrates, Phylum Chordata
Birds	Not a big group in numbers, but one of the charismatic groups of vertebrates, Phylum Chordata
Fish	An aquatic charismatic group, Phylum Chordata
Reptilia & amphibia	Not big groups in numbers, but charismatic groups of vertebrates, Phylum Chordata
Other chordates	Urochordata (tunicates, sea squirts), Myxini (hagfish), Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Microorganisms	Bacteria, vira, microfungi, diseases
Protozoans	Single-celled eukaryotic organisms

Country:

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Additional criteria

Natural distribution:

Criteria	Explanation
N. America	Canada, USA, Mexico
S. America	All countries south of Mexico
Asia	Divides to Europa along Ural/Kazakstan, Black Sea
Oceania	Australia, New Zealand and small islands
Antarctica	This is a continent where we will probably not see too many aliens species from
Africa
Europe	Divides to Asia along the Ural/Kazakstan (check maps for details)
N. Pacific Ocean	Pacific Ocean the upper part, equator divides from the southern part.
S. Pacific Ocean	The lower part of the Pacific ocean
N. Atlantic Ocean	The upper part of the Atlantic, equator divides from the southern part
S. Atlantic Ocean	The southern part of the Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean	South of India to the southern tips of Africa and Australia respectively
Arctic Ocean	Surrounding the north pole
Southern Ocean	Ocean surrounding Antarctica and extends to 60 degrees latitude
Not known

Type of introduction:

Criteria	Explanation
Intentional	On purpose
Unintentional	Unknowingly - as a by-product of human activities
Intentional & unintentional	Both the above ways
Not known	No information available

Pathway:

Criteria	Explanation
Aquaculture	Fish/crayfish/algae/seafood farming, or a consequences of stocking of species (pest species) - includes mariculture
Angling/sport	Live bait or dispersal via fishing gear or/and boats or as a consequence of aquasports
Fisheries	Commercial fishing
Hull fouling	Fouling of ships hulls
Ballast water & sediments	Ballast water and sediments in tanks, as well as solid ballast, incl also the dispersal via shipping in general (eg. Brown rat)
Escapes	Fur farming, pet-animals escaping from cativity, laboratory animals, animal escapes, pet trade
Hunting	Released as hunting quarry or prey
Aquaria	Ponds and aquariums
Ornamental	Animals used for ornamental purposes auch as colourful slugs and birds in parks etc.
Horticulture	Plants used for ornamental purposes, gardening
Forestry	Timber and tree production, including the pest species introduced via tree hosts or product thereof
Landscaping	The use of plants in the landscape (such as hegde plantings, binding of silt, erosion control)
Medicinal	Typically plants (maybe a few animals) for this purpose
Agriculture	Plants for production of food for human and animal consumption, incl. crops and contaminants of hay, grain, fodder
Animal husbandry	Animals for production of food for human, including the pest species introduced via the animal hosts
Transport	Infrastructure, translocation of machinery, transportation along roads and rails, planes, package material etc.
Biological control	Introduced as a putative biocontrol agent/pest of another species
Secondary introduction	Introduced species where populations have been introduced from a nearby country/sea area - not the natural distribution area
Reintroduction	Re-introduction of species that have died out in the country previously
Not known

Status:

Criteria	Explanation
Suspected	The species is suspected to be found in the country, but no scientific proof published
Not established	The species has not formed self-reproducing populations (also called casual or incidental)
Established	The species has formed self-reproducing populations in semi-natural or natural areas.
In captivity/culture	Greenhouses, houses and otherwise confined by humans
Not known
Within country transfer	The species occurs naturally (is indigenous) within one part of the country but has been introduced by humans into another region where it has not previously occurred.

Invasiveness:

Criteria	Explanation
Invasive	Threatens native biological diversity
Potentially invasive	Has a potential to threaten native biological diversity
Not invasive	Does not threaten native biological diversity
Not known

Frequency:

Criteria	Explanation
Rare	Few sites where it is found in the country
Local	Locally abundant, many individuals in some areas of the country
Common	Many sites in the country
Very common	Many sites and many individuals
Not known
Extinct	Has been successfully eradicated
Absent	Not found(primarily intended for phase II where we compare lists)
Eradicated	Has been succesfully eradicated

Year of first record, from:

Year of first record, to:

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Spinacia oleracea

Common names: Echter Spinat(AT), špenát setý(CZ), Spinat(DK), aedspinat (EE), spinat(NO), Spenat(SE)

Synonymes:

Group: Angiosperms

Family: Amaranthaceae

Habitats: Agricultural areas, Disturbed areas, Urban areas

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Spinacia oleracea

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