Literature on Ensis spp and other razor clams (Solenacea) in the NE-Atlantic
Amara, R., Laffargue, P., Dewarumez, J.M., Maryniak, C., Lagardère, F. and Luczac, C. 2001. Feeding ecology and growth of O-group flatfish (sole, dab and plaice) on a nursery ground (Southern Bight of the North Sea). Journal of Fish Biology 58: 788-803.
Armonies, W. 1996. Changes in distribution patterns of 0-group bivalves in the Wadden Sea: Byssus-drifting releases juveniles from the constraints of hydrography. Journal of Sea Research 35(4): 323-334.
Armonies, W. 2001. What an introduced species can tell us about the spatial extension of benthic populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 209: 289-294.
Armonies, W. and Reise, K. 1999. On the population development of the introduced razor clam Ensis americanus near the island of Sylt (North Sea). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 291-300.
Armonies, W., Herre, E. and Sturm, M. 2001. Effects of the severe winter 1995/96 on the benthic macrofauna of the Wadden Sea and the coastal North Sea near the island of Sylt. Helgoland Marine Research 55: 170-175.
Beukema, J.J. and Dekker, R. 1995. Dynamics and growth of a recent invader into European coastal waters: The American razor clam, Ensis directus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75: 351-362.
Cadée, G.C. 2007. Balanuliths: Free-living clusters of the barnacle Balanus crenatus. Palaios 22: 680-681.
Chícharo, L., Regala, J., Gaspar, M., Alves, F. and Chícharo, A. 2002. Macrofauna spatial differences within clam dredge-tracks and their implications for short-term fishing effect studies. Fisheries Research 54: 349-353.
Compaan, D.M. and Ellington, W.R. 2003. Functional consequences of a gene duplication and fusion event in an arginine kinase. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 1545-1556.
Cosel, R. von 1990. An introduction to the razor shells (Bivalvia: Solenacea). In: The Bivalvia – Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh 1986 (ed. B. Morton), pp. 283-311. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
Cosel, R. von 1993. The razor shells of the eastern Atlantic. Part 1: Solenidae and Pharidae I. Archiv für Molluskenkunde 122: 207-321.
Cosel, R. von 2009. The razor shells of the eastern Atlantic, part 2. Pharidae II: the genus Ensis Schumacher, 1817 (Bivalvia, Solenoidea). Basteria 73: 9-56.
Cosel, R.von, Dörjes, J. and Mühlenhardt-Siegel, U. 1982. Die amerikanische Schwertmuschel Ensis directus (Conrad) in der Deutschen Bucht. I. Zoogeographie und Taxonomie im Vergleich mit den einheimischen Schwertmuschel-Arten. Senckenbergiana Maritima 14(3/4): 147-173.
Darriba, S., Fuencisla, S.J. and Guerra, A. 2004. Reproductive cycle of the razor clam Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) in northwest Spain and its relation to environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 311: 101-115.
Darriba, S., Fuencisla, S.J. and Guerra, A. 2005. Gametogenic cycle of Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ría de Corcubión, northwestern Spain. Journal of Molluscan Studies 71: 47-51.
Dauwe, B., Herman, P.M.J. and Heip, C.H.R. 1998. Community structure and bioturbation potential of macrofauna at four North Sea stations with contrasting food supply. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173: 67-83.
Dekker, R. and Beukema, J.J. 2012. Long-term dynamics and productivity of a successful invader: The first three decades of the bivalve Ensis directus in the western Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 71: 31-40.
Dörjes, J. 1992. Die amerikanische Schwertmuschel Ensis directus (Conrad) in der Deutschen Bucht. III. Langzeitentwicklung nach 10 Jahren. Senckenbergiana Maritima 22(1/2): 29-35.
Drew, G.A. 1907. The habits and movements of the razor-shell clam, Ensis directus, Con. Biological Bulletin 12(3): 127-140, plate II.
Eno, N.C., Clark, R.A. and Sanderson, W.G. 1997. Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK, 136pp.
Essink, K. 1985. On the occurrence of the American jack-knife clam Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843) (Bivalvia, Cultellidae) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Basteria 49: 73-80.
Essink, K. 1986. Note on the distribution of the American jack-knife clam Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843) in N.W. Europe (Bivalvia, Cultellidae).
Fahy, E. and Carroll, J. 2007. Consequences of hydraulic dredging for a razor clam Ensis siliqua (L.) bed in the North-West Irish Sea. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royak Irish Academy 107B(3): 115-128.
Fernández-Tajes, J., Martinez-Lage, A., Freire, R., Guerra, A., Méndez, J. and González-Tizon, A.M. 2008. Genome sizes and karyotypes in the razor clams Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) and E. siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758). Cahiers Biologie Marine 49: 79-85.
Freudendahl, A.S. and Nielsen, M.M. 2004. Amerikansk knivmusling. Geirfuglen 2004 nr. 1: 23-25.
Freudendahl, A.S. and Nielsen, M.M. 2005. Dyrkning af amerikansk knivmusling. Screening af potentialet for kommerciel kultivering. Aarhus Universitet og Dansk Skaldyr Center, 104pp.
Gaspar, M.B. and Monteiro, C.C. 1998. Reproductive cycles of the razor clam Ensis siliqua and the clam Venus striatula off Vilamoura, southern Portugal. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 78: 1247-1258.
Gaspar, M., Castro, M. and Monteiro, C.C. 1998. Influence of tow duration and tooth length on the number of damaged razor clams Ensis siliqua. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169: 303-305.
Gaspar, M.B., Richardson, C.A. and Monteiro, C.C. 1994. The effects of dredging on shell formation in the razor clam Ensis siliqua from Barrinha, southern Portugal. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 74: 927-938.
Gollasch, S. and Nehring, S. 2006. National checklist for aquatic alien species in Germany. Aquatic Invasions 1(4): 245-269.
Gollasch, S., Kerckhof, F., Craeymeersch, J., Goulletquer, P., Jensen, K., Jelmert, A. and Minchin, D. 2015. Alien species alert: Ensis directus. Current status of invasions by the marine bivalve Ensis directus. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 323, 32pp.
Graham, A. 1931. On the morphology, feeding mechanisms, and digestion of Ensis siliqua (Schumacher). Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh 56(3): 725-751 + plate (unnumbered).
Hall, S.J., Basford, D.J. and Robertson, M.R. 1990. The impact of hydraulic dredging for razor clams Ensis sp. on an infaunal community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27(1): 119-125.
Hansson, H.G. 2003. Artfaktablad Ensis ensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rakknivmussla). ArtDatabanken, SE. Available here (pdf) (last accessed 3. March 2015)
Hansson, H.G. 2003. Artfaktablad Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865). ArtDatabanken, SE Available here (pdf) (last accessed 3. March 2015)
Hauton, C., Howell, T.R.W., Atkinson, R.J.A. and Moore, P.G. 2007. Measures of hydraulic dredge efficiency and razor clam production, two aspects governing sustainability within the Scottish commercial fishery. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 869-877.
Henderson, S.M. and Richardson, C.A. 1994. A comparison of the age, growth rate and burrowing behaviour of the razor clams, Ensis siliqua and E. ensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74: 939-954.
Holme, N.A. 1951. The identification of British species of the genus Ensis Schumacher (Lamellibranchiata). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 29: 639-647.
Holme, N.A. 1954. The ecology of British species of Ensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33: 145-172.
Hopkins, C.C.E. 2001. Actual and potential effects of introduced marine organisms in Norwegian waters, including Svalbard. Directorate for Nature Management, Norway, 54pp.
Kamermans, P., Brummelhuis, E. and Dedert, M. 2013. Effect of algae- and silt concentration on clearance- and growth rate of the razor clam Ensis directus, Conrad. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 446: 102-109.
Kenchington, E., Duggan, R. and Riddell, T. 1998. Early life history characteristics of the razor clam (Ensis directus) and the moonsnails (Euspira spp.) with applications to fisheries and aquaculture. Canada Technical Report on Fisheries and Aquaculture Science 2223: vii + 32pp.
Kerckhof, F., Haelters, J. and Golasch, S. 2007. Alien species in the marine and brackisch ecosystem: the situation in Belgian waters. Aquatic Invasions 2(3): 243-257.
Knudsen, J. 1989. Den amerikanske knivmusling, Ensis americanus Gould, 1870, en nyindvandret art i de danske farvande. Flora og Fauna 95(1): 17-18.
Knudsen, J. 1997. Ny dansk knivmusling fra Amerika. Dyr i Natur og Museum 1997, Nr. 1: 28-31.
Krakau, M., Thieltges, D.W. and Reise, K. 2006. Native parasites adopt introduced bivalves of the North Sea. Biological Invasions 8: 919-925.
Leopold, M.F., Kats, R.K.H. and Ens, B.J. 2001. Diet (preferences) of common eiders Somateria mollissima. Wadden Sea Newslwtter 2001-1: 25-31.
Luczak, C., Dewarumez, J.-M. and Essink, K. 1993. First record of the American jack knife clam Ensis directus on the French coast of the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73: 233-235.
McDermott, J.J. 1976. Predation of the razor clam Ensis directus by the nemertean worm Cerebratulus lacteus. Chesapeake Science 17(4): 299-301.
Mühlenhardt-Siegel, U., Dörjes, J. and von Cosel, R. 1983. Die amerikanische Schwertmuschel Ensis directus (Conrad) in der Deutschen Bucht. II. Populationsdynamik. Senckenbergiana Maritima 15(4/6): 93-110.
Ovcharenko, I., Olenin, S. and Gollasch, S. 2007. Ensis americanus. DAISIE factsheet. Available here (pdf) (Accessed 5. March 2015).
Palmer, D. 2003. The introduced razor fish Ensis directus in the Wash and North Norfolk. Shellfish News 16: 13-15.
Palmer, D.W. 2004. Growth of the razor clam Ensis directus, an alien species in the Wash on the east coast of England. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84: 1075-1076.
Rasmussen, E. 1996. Nyt om den amerikanske knivmusling, Ensis americanus Gould 1870 (=E. directus Conrad) i danske farvande. Flora og Fauna 101(2): 53-60.
Robinson, R.F. and Richardson, C.A. 1998. The direct and indirect effects of suction dredging on a razor clam (Ensis arcuatus) population. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55: 970-977.
Schiedek, D. and Zebe, E. 1987. Functional and environmental anaerobiosis in the razor-clam Ensis directus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Marine Biology 94: 31-37.
Schneider, D. 1982. Escape response of an infaunal clam Ensis directus Conrad 1843, to a predatory snail, Polinices duplicatus Say 1822. Veliger 24(4): 371-372.
Shanks, A.L. and Brink, L. 2005. Upwelling, downwelling, and cross-shelf transport of bivalve larvae: test of a hypothesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 302: 1-12.
Skov, H., Durinck, J., Erichsen, A., Kloster, R.M., Møhlenberg, F. and Leonhard, S.B. 2008. Horns Rev II offshore wind farm food basis for common scoter. Baseline Studies 2007-08. DONG Energy, DHI Water – Environment – Health, Orbicon, Marine Observers, 47pp.
Strasser, M. and Günther, C.-P. 2001. Larval supply of predator and prey: temporal mismatch between crabs and bivalves after a severe winter in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 46: 57-67.
Swennen, C., Leopold, M.F. and Stock, M. 1985. Notes on growth and behaviour of the American razor clam Ensis directus in the Wadden Sea and the predation on it by birds. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 39: 255-261.
Trueman, E.R. 1967. The dynamics of burrowing in Ensis (Bivalvia). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 166: 459-476.
Tuck, I.D., Bailey, N., Harding, M., Sangster, G., Howell, T., Graham, N. and Breen, M. 2000. The impact of water jet dredging for razor clams, Ensis spp., in a shallow sandy subtidal environment. Journal of Sea Research 43: 65-81.
Urk, R.M. van 1964. The genus Ensis in Europe. Basteria 28(1-2): 13-44.
Urk, R.M. van 1972. Notes on American fossil Ensis species. Basteria 36(2-5): 131-142.
Urk, R.M. van 1980. Probleme in der Systematik am Beispiel der Gattung Ensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Soosiana 8: 91-95.
Urk, R.M. 1987. Ensis americanus (Binney) (Syn. E. directus auct. non Conrad) a recent introduction from Atlantic North-America. Journal of Conchology 32: 329-333.
Voigt, M. 1999. Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843). In : Exotics across the ocean. Case histories on introduced species (eds. S. Gollasch, D. Minchin, H. Rosenthal and M. Voigt), pp. 31-35. Logos Verlag, Berlin.
Witbaard, R., Duineveld, G.C.A., Bergman, M.J.N., Witte, H. IJ., Groot, L. and Rozenmeijer, M.J.C. 2015. The growth and dynamics of Ensis directus in the near-shore Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea. Journal of Sea Research 95: 95-105.